Systems, devices and methods for providing services in a proximity-based environment

ABSTRACT

A system is provided for delivery of services to at least one mobile device adapted to communicate in a wireless manner including a plurality of communication/detection devices. Each of the communication/detection devices is adapted to detect the presence of the mobile device when the mobile device is within the range thereof. Each communication/detection device is adapted to communicate information between the mobile device and the communication/detection device when the mobile device is within the range thereof. The system includes at least one multiplexer in communication with at least one of the communication/detection devices and at least one server including content stored thereon to provide at least one service to the client program on mobile device. The server is in communication with the multiplexer. The service to be provided to the mobile device depends on which one of the plurality of communication/detection devices is in communication with the mobile device.

RELATED APPLICATIONS AND CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/056,429 filed Feb. 11, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/081,260 filed Feb. 22, 2002, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/593,531, filed Jun.14, 2000, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/165,540 filed Nov. 15, 1999, the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference. It should be noted that U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/592,928 filed Jun. 13, 2000, which issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 6,347,095 also claimed the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/165,540.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems, devices and methods forproviding services in a wireless environment based upon a user'sproximity with respect to predefined spaces and the user's profile andalso to methods of defining spaces, services and service group and therelationship between spaces and services, including the relationshipsbetween groupings of spaces and services.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Low cost information access devices (such as cellular phones andhandheld computers) are becoming ubiquitous. Moreover, traditionallaptops and personal computers are quickly evolving to more readilyoperate in a wireless environment. As these devices are able to directlyand indirectly interact with each other over short-range, wirelesscommunications systems (using, for example, radio frequency energy), anew class of proximity-based applications and services will be enabled.

The present invention provides a system in which actions of the systemare initiated or triggered based on the users' proximity to predefinedspaces.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a system in which aservice provider maps physical space into areas that are proximityenabled, specifies the relationship between these areas, and defines theservices that are associated with these areas.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a system for delivery ofservices to at least one client program on a mobile device adapted tocommunicate in a wireless manner. The system includes:

a plurality of communication/detection devices, each of thecommunication/detection devices having a known range, each of thecommunication/detection devices being adapted to detect the presence ofthe mobile device when the mobile device is within the range thereof andto communicate information between the mobile device and thecommunication/detection device when the mobile device is within therange thereof, and

at least one multiplexer in communication with at least one of thecommunication/detection devices; and

at least one server including content stored thereon to provide at leastone service to the client program on mobile device, the server being incommunication with the multiplexer, the service to be provided to themobile device depending on which one of the plurality ofcommunication/detection devices is in communication with the mobiledevice.

Preferably, the multiplexer intermediates communication between theserver and the communication/detection devices so that the client of themobile device does not require information of the communication path tothe server and the server does not require information of thecommunication path to the communication/detection devices.

In general, at least one service group including at least one service ismapped by the server to be available to a physical space defined by-atleast one communication/detection device. An aggregate space can bedefined by a set of at least two physical spaces. The server can alsomap at least one service group to be available to the aggregate space.Likewise, a higher level aggregate space can defined as a set ofaggregate spaces, and the server can map at least one service group tobe available to the higher level aggregate space.

The physical space is preferably defined by a plurality ofcommunication/detection devices. The multiplexer preferably includes asoftware program to determine whether the mobile device is within thephysical space from detection information provided to the multiplexer bythe communication/detection devices. Multiple servers can be incommunication with the multiplexer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of providingservices to a client program running on a wireless mobile device. Themethod includes the steps of:

defining a physical space by location therein of at least onecommunication/detection device having a known range, thecommunication/detection device being adapted to detect the presence ofthe mobile device when the mobile device is within the range thereof andto communicate information between the mobile device and thecommunication/detection device when the mobile device is within therange thereof, and

mapping at least one service group including at least one service to beavailable to client programs determined to be within the physical space.The service group can include a plurality of services.

The method can further include the steps of:

combining a plurality of physical spaces in a set to define an aggregatespace; and

mapping a second service group including at least one service to beavailable to client programs determined to be present within theaggregate space.

Likewise, the method can also include the steps of:

combining a plurality of aggregate spaces in a set to define a higherlevel aggregate space; and

mapping a third service group including at least one service to beavailable to client programs determined to be present within the higherlevel aggregate space.

As discussed above, the physical space can be defined by multiplecommunication/detection devices. A software program preferablydetermines whether the mobile device is within the physical space fromdetection information provided to the software program by thecommunication/detection devices. In one embodiment, each of the physicalspaces corresponds to departments within a place of business and theaggregate space corresponds to the entire place of business. Each of thephysical spaces can also correspond to departments within a place ofbusiness, the aggregate space corresponds to the entire place ofbusiness, and the higher-level aggregate space corresponds to aplurality of places of business in a chain.

The present invention also provides a method of providing services to aclient program running on a wireless mobile device including the stepsof:

defining a physical space by location therein of a plurality ofcommunication/detection devices having a known range, eachcommunication/detection device being adapted to detect the presence ofthe mobile device when the mobile device is within the range thereof andto communicate information between the mobile device and thecommunication/detection device when the mobile device is present withinthe range thereof;

providing at least one server having at least one proximity-basedapplication stored thereon, the proximity-base application being adaptedto provide at least one service to be available to a client programstored on the mobile device when the mobile device is within the space,the service content being based upon higher level proximity-based eventsdetermined by periodic measurement of the presence or absence of themobile device within the space; and

providing at least one intermediary, the intermediary being incommunication with the plurality of communication/detection devices andin communication with the server, the intermediary including a programto determine if the mobile device is present within or absent from thespace from detection information provided by the plurality ofcommunication/detection devices, the intermediary adapted to transmitthe information of whether the mobile device is present within or absentfrom the space to the server.

In one embodiment, the proximity-based events include an enter spaceevent, a still within space event, a temporarily left space event, areturned to space event, and an exited space event.

The content addressed from the server to the client on the mobile deviceis preferably transmitted to the intermediary for storage thereon andtransmitted to the client upon request by the client.

In still a further aspect, the present invention provides a method ofproviding services to a client program running on a wireless mobiledevice including the steps of:

providing at least one server having at least one proximity-basedapplication stored thereon, the proximity-base application being adaptedto provide at least one service to be available to a client programstored on the mobile device when the mobile device is determined to bewithin a set of spaces including at least one space, the service contentbeing based upon higher level proximity-based events determined byperiodic measurement of the presence or absence of the mobile devicewithin the set of spaces;

determining whether the mobile device is present within each of thespaces in the set of spaces using a plurality of communication/detectiondevices having a known range, each communication/detection device beingadapted to detect the presence of the mobile device when the mobiledevice is within the range thereof and to communicate informationbetween the mobile device and the communication/detection device whenthe mobile device is present within the range thereof; and

providing the information of whether the mobile device is present withineach space of the set of spaces to the server in a periodic manner toenable the server to determine the higher level proximity-based events.

The method preferably further includes the step of communicating contentfrom the server to a client program on the mobile device via at leastone of the communication/detection devices. Once again, theproximity-based events can include an enter space event, a still withinspace event, a temporarily left space event, a returned to space event,and an exited space event.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a Bookstore and an adjacent Retail Store configuredto support “proximity-based computing” in a mall.

FIG. 2 illustrates a model that specifies relationships between spaces,service groups, and services.

FIG. 3 illustrates a component and connector diagram for an embodimentof a proximity framework.

FIG. 3.1 illustrates the subcomponents of an embodiment of a multiplexerin an unconnected mass with respect to FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.2 illustrates a partial object model of an embodiment of amultiplexer PRE.

FIG. 4 illustrates a state model of events for a detection mechanism.

FIG. 4.1 illustrates a state model of events for a simple space.

FIG. 4.2 illustrates a state model of events for an aggregate space.

FIG. 5 illustrates the subcomponents of an embodiment of a server in anunconnected mass with respect to FIG. 3.

FIG. 5.1 illustrates a partial object model of an embodiment of a serverPanlet Runtime Environment (PRE).

FIG. 5.2 illustrates a state model of events for a service.

FIG. 5.3 illustrates a state model of events for a Panlet instance.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the concepts of spaces aggregation.

FIG. 6.1 illustrates the configuration of spaces and services in theBookstore, which also contains a Caf.

FIG. 6.2 illustrates the configuration of spaces and services in theadjacent Retail Store.

FIG. 7 illustrates a particular instantiation of the model set forth inFIG. 2, based on space and service group relationships specified in FIG.6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Proximity-based computing gives a user's mobile device, whether it is acell phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), laptop, or other device,the ability to be aware of the user's environment. Proximity-basedcomputing preferably gives the user the ability to interact with nearbydevices and objects without overwhelming the user by the complexity ofhis or her environment.

Two fundamentally different kinds of entities are envisioned to be foundin a proximity-based environment: (1) mobile devices and (2)location-bound devices offering services. Mobile devices include, forexample, cell phones, PDAs, laptops and other similar devices carriedaround by the owner. Location-bound devices represent the infrastructureneeded by the content/services providers to deliver theircontent/services to mobile devices as they come within communicationrange of the location-bound device(s). A proximity-based environment isdescribed generally in U.S. Pat. No. 6,347,095 entitled SYSTEMS, DEVICESAND METHODS FOR USE IN PROXIMITY-BASED NETWORKING.

I. System Overview

FIG. 1 illustrates a Bookstore and an adjacent Retail Store configuredto support a “Proximity Computing” environment in a Mall. Componentsthat might be found in such an environment include Clients, Servers,Multiplexers, Communication/Detection Devices, wired communicationlines, wireless communication channels, walls and artificial constructstermed space(s).

A. Client

A client C represents the software running on an end-user's mobiledevice (for example, a cell phone, a PDA, a laptop or a similar device).The client device is capable of wireless communication with otherdevices in its proximity.

The software needed to allow the mobile device to interact intelligentlywith other devices in its proximity may, for example, include:

-   -   1. Device drivers that are used to permit wireless communication        via a hardware transmitter/receiver (for example, the        Bluetooth™. Technology for digital radio frequency communication        of the Bluetooth™ Special Interest Group as set forth in the        Bluetooth™ SIG 1.0 available from www.bluetooth.com. The        Bluetooth™ specification specifies a system solution comprising        hardware, software and interoperability requirements and        operates in a common 2.4 GHz ISM band.)    -   2. Low-level proximity aware services that are also used to        establish and maintain wireless communication links (referred to        herein as “proximity services”).    -   3. Proximity runtime environment (PRE) software is responsible,        for example, for retrieving service-related content, shielding        the user from unwanted content, determining how much of a user's        preferences to expose to its environment, etc.    -   4. A portal application that allows a user to interact with        proximity-based services. The portal application can, for        example, be a Graphics User Interface (GUI)-based interface        (where sufficient screen real estate is available). The user        interface can also be based on other media using, for example,        touch or sound. It is through the portal application that users        navigate among the various proximity-based services available in        a given setting.

B. Communication/Detection Device

A communication/detection device is illustrated in FIG. 1 as a solidblack circle with the label “C/D”. It represents a proximity-based,location-bound device that is used to detect client devices as theyenter its detection range and to forward this information to interestedparties.

Communication/detection devices C/D are also used to facilitate two-waycommunication between a client device and a service wishing to offercontent to any mobile devices in that communication/detection device'sphysical proximity. For example, a device C/D is used to detect mobiledevices as they come into proximity and to then set up a higher levelconnection for example, (an IP-based connection) that allows a client tointeract “directly” with a multiplexer (MUX) described in detail below.This higher-level communication will, for example, be relayed throughdevice C/D's short-range wireless device (for example, a Bluetooth™radio) to bridge the gap between the multiplexer, which may not becapable of wireless communication, and the mobile client, which isgenerally capable of only wireless communication (that is, the mobileclient is cable free). Communication between the devices C/D and amultiplexer may, for example, be via a typical local area network orLAN. A communication/detection device C/D preferably runs a version ofproximity services very similar to the version of proximity servicesrunning on the client.

C. Multiplexer

A multiplexer (MUX) is illustrated in FIG. 1 and serves as anintermediary between clients, communication/detection devices C/D andservers. A MUX preferably allows communication among such entities whileshielding them from each other's details and complexity. Such anarrangement has certain benefits from the perspectives of both clientsand servers. Benefit of such an arrangement include, but are not limitedto the following:

-   -   1. Clients do not have to know how many servers are offering        content in any given area or the location of the server(s).        Servers can, for example, be “on location” (for example, in the        Bookstore or in the Mall) and connect to multiplexers via a        local area network or be off location and connect to        multiplexers via a wide area network (WAN) or a global network        such as the Internet. From the point of view of a client, a        multiplexer presents a single point of interaction over which        services are offered in a physical space. Whether one server or        many servers are used to offer the services that a client sees        is irrelevant to the client.    -   2. Clients do not have to know which services are available via        which servers. All mapping is handled by the multiplexer.        Content can be retrieved from the multiplexer without being        concerned with the data path required to get that content from a        server.    -   3. Servers do not have to know details about the type of        communication/detection devices available in an area (this        information is managed by multiplexers). Instead, servers have        to know only that communication and detection services are        available in an area.    -   4. In cases in which a client can be contacted via multiple        communication/detection devices, the multiplexer can determine        which path is optimal given current bandwidth restrictions. The        possibility of alternative paths need not be known to the        server. For example, in an area that has a high volume of client        use and a large number of clients present, the same physical        space may be served via multiple communication/detection devices        simply to have enough active channels to handle the number of        clients. In this case, the multiplexer determines which clients        are contacted via which communication/detection devices.    -   A multiplexer is configured by a person familiar with the        physical environment, a space maintainer. A space maintainer has        two primary groups of responsibilities. First, a space        maintainer has logical knowledge of the layout of physical        spaces. For example, the client (located between Fiction and        History spaces in the Bookstore of FIG. 1) who has no immediate        contact with nearby communication/detection devices will be        counted by a multiplexer as being present inside the Bookstore        even though the client's presence can't be detected via any        communication/detection devices. Further, in the case of FIG. 1,        the multiplexer can consider a client to be still present in the        Bookstore unless the last communication/detection device        reporting detection of the client was the device positioned near        the Entrance space (the only way to exit the Bookstore). Second,        a space maintainer can group a set of communication/detection        devices to serve a single space such that services can be        directly provided to that space. A multiplexer may also be        responsible for tying together the knowledge established about a        client via multiple communication/detection devices into a        single, coherent picture. This aggregation of        communication/detection devices representing the same space is        known as a detection mechanism. The multiplexer thus preferably        has some understanding of spaces, how spaces are related to        communication/detection devices, and where clients are in        relation to spaces.    -   A multiplexer also serves as an indirection provider. Given the        bandwidth restrictions on the logical link between clients and a        multiplexer, it is preferable that the multiplexer not push new        content across to clients simply whenever such content is        available. Particularly in cases in which the client may not        access content for a given service, or may not even open the        portal application. As such, a multiplexer preferably queues        content from services until the content is requested by the        client for which it is destined. Once content is delivered to a        client, it is preferably removed from the queue in the        multiplexer.    -   Additionally, content is preferably staged as close (in terms of        latency before getting the information) as possible to the        client. Communication/detection devices are poor choices for        such staging as they are likely limited in terms of available        resources. Servers are potentially a few network hops away. This        leaves the multiplexer as a reasonable place to stage content.

D. Server

A server is a host for a number of services. Preferably, servers shieldthe services as much as possible from having to about the topology ofthe various types of connections that are required to provide contentfrom a service to clients. In addition to the services residing on theserver, the server will contain a proximity runtime environment (PRE)that manages the proximate world as seen by the server. The server PREpreferably:

-   -   1. Manages its world view from the perspective of what services        are available on the server and how they relate to the spaces.        It also preferably determines how much of this world view to        expose to clients as it becomes aware of them.    -   2. Determines which services should be informed of new clients        upon detected activity.    -   3. Determines to which multiplexer to route service content in        cases in which alternate paths via multiple multiplexers are        possible.

E. Proximity Framework

The proximity-enabled world can, for example, be explained in terms ofthree basic concepts: spaces, services and service groups. FIG. 2illustrates a “world view” model that specifies relationships betweenspaces, service groups, and services.

1. Space

A space is an abstraction of a physical area in the real world. Spacespreferably come in two varieties: simple spaces and aggregate spaces.Simple spaces are associated directly with a specific physical area, andtypically correspond to a continuous area. Simple spaces may overlapeach other. In contrast, an aggregate space is defined in terms of a setof child spaces that may be geographically separated or continuous.Examples of simple spaces include a department in a retail store, aconference room at a hotel, or the area around a sculpture exhibit at amuseum. Two examples of aggregate spaces are a chain of departmentstores and a department store composed of the simple spacescorresponding to the different departments in the store. The servicesavailable to a user are a function of the spaces that the user iscurrently occupying.

2. Service

A service is an application that provides proximity-triggered contenttargeted to particular locations. The content available to a user willchange as the user enters and exits spaces, and based on the user'smovement within spaces. For example, a customer may receive anelectronic greeting summarizing the day's discounts when entering adepartment store, or be asked if the client would like to speak with asales person if the client spends an extended period of time in front ofone display.

3. Service Group

A service group is a set of related services or service groups. Servicesgroups provide a way for organizations to package services that willvery likely be targeted to the same set of locations or to the samesorts of clients. For example, an airline might define two separateservice groups so that it can provide one set of services to its typicalcustomers, and an augmented set to its “frequent flyers.” A particularservice may be included as part of more than one service group. Servicegroups may be part of other service groups as well.

FIG. 3 illustrates a component and connector diagram for the proximityframework. This diagram illustrates primarily software components andhow the software components interact at a high level of abstraction.

Most components' definitions and functionalities were discussed inconnection with FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The connectors set forth in FIG. 3can be described as follows:

Device Discovery: A device discovery connector deals with the low leveldiscovery and/or communication protocols used by communication/detectiondevices to detect client devices. As clear to one skilled in the art,such low level discovery and communication protocols can vary withcommunication/detection technology.

Client Detection: A client detection connector deals with how amultiplexer is made aware of clients as they are detected.

Content from Server: Content from server connector is primarilyconcerned with getting service generated content from a server to themultiplexer. Content from server refers generally to pages ofinformation generated by services that are tied to one of, for example,five proximity events (described below) and to a specific service. Thistype of page is understood by the proximity framework, and is deliveredto clients as described herein. Each page of service-generated contentis preferably generated for a specific client, allowing services totailor content to clients. The five proximity events are events that aretriggered by the proximity framework and have proximity specificmeaning. The five proximity events are the following:

-   -   A. Enter: This event indicates that a client has entered an area        in which services are available, and those services should be        informed that they may now offer content to the client.    -   B. Still Here: This event indicates that a client is still        present in an area in which services are available. It merely        indicates that the client has not left, and serves as a        heartbeat of sorts that allows additional content to be offered        over time as a client remains in an area.    -   C. Leave: This event indicates that a client has left an area in        which services are available, but that the client could still        comeback. That is, it hasn't been gone so long that it is        inconceivable that the client device's user could simply step        back into range.    -   D. Comeback: This event indicates that a client device has        returned to an area of service that it had recently left        (Leave).    -   E. Exit: This event indicates that the client is considered to        have been gone from an area of service for such a period of time        that it can be deemed not to be coming back anytime soon.

Content to Client: Content to client connector is primarily concernedwith getting service-generated content that is staged at a multiplexerto a client when the client is ready for it.

External Content Delivery: External content delivery connector is usedto get external content to clients on request. It may also be used toallow clients to provide information to services by means of filling outa form sent back to the service residing on the server (by means of theserver being the external entity in this case). External content refersto pages of information that are not tied to the five Proximity events,but that may be accessible via links in the pages tied to the fiveProximity events.

II. Multiplexer Architecture

In this embodiment, a gateway sub-component encompasses everything elsein the server component. The gateway sub-component is preferablyresponsible for all interactions over the Client Detection connector,Content from Server connector and Content to Client connector. Further,it routes all external content communications between Client andexternal context sources.

FIG. 3.1 illustrates the sub-components of the multiplexer of FIG. 3unconnected from the other components of FIG. 3 (that is, in anunconnected mass), with the multiplexer's use of connectors refined toshow which sub-component uses each connector. The contents and purposeof each sub-component are summarized below:

A. Gateway

The gateway is used to relay requests for external content to, forexample, the Internet. One skilled in the art will appreciate thatgateway component protocol is not limited to WAP. For example, thegateway component protocol can be http etc.

B. Multiplexer Panlet Runtime Environment (PRE)

The Multiplexer PRE preferably facilitates communication between clientsand services that is proximity specific. Things such as knowledge ofworld views (that is, a specific instance or instantiation ofrelationships between spaces, services and service groups),understanding of the semantics of content associated with the fiveproximity events, mappings between communication/detection devices anddetection mechanisms (that is, a group of communication/detectiondevices defining a single simple space), and mappings of detectionmechanisms to spaces are managed therein. The multiplexer PRE isgenerally significantly different from the PRE's running on eitherclients or servers.

A significant amount of information preferably can be managed by themultiplexer. Examples of data retained in are summarized as follows:

-   -   1. Knowledge of all simple spaces managed by the multiplexer and        which detection mechanisms cover each simple space.    -   2. Knowledge of how multiple communication/detection devices are        mapped to detection mechanisms.    -   3. Knowledge of any aggregate spaces and which other aggregate        spaces and simple spaces are included in aggregate spaces.    -   4. Knowledge of which servers are interested in which spaces.    -   5. Knowledge of what each server intends to do with client data,        should it receive client data (that is, a client profiles/server        intentions model).    -   6. Knowledge of which clients (if any) are currently present in        each space.    -   7. Knowledge of which services are currently available to each        client currently present in at least one space (i.e., the        accumulated world view for each client).    -   8. Knowledge of what pages of service-generated content are        available for each client.

FIG. 3.2 illustrates an object model depicting part of the MultiplexerPRE. The object model is focused on the relationship betweencommunication/detection devices and detection mechanisms, the mapping ofdetection mechanisms to simple spaces, and the relationships amongspaces.

The communication/detection devices are preferably not mapped directlyto simple spaces. Instead, only detection mechanisms are preferablymapped to simple spaces. A primary reason for this is to allow multiplecommunication/detection devices to be aggregated into a single detectionmechanism, which serves a simple space. There are two primary benefitsfor this type of mapping. First, one may want to collect different typesof data from different types of communication/detection devices (forexample, infrared and Bluetooth™) that cover the same physical area intoa single detection mechanism. This would result in a more knowledgeablesource of information (likely using different technologies) thatpresents a single representation or point of interaction for thatphysical area. Second, one may want to group multiple similarcommunication/detection devices to present a single interface to alarger physical space than any single communication/detection devicecould cover. By hiding the multiple communication/detection devicesbehind a single detection mechanism, one does not permit services to bebound to any of the smaller areas covered by a single communication anddetection device.

Communication/detection devices are preferably not part of amultiplexer. Preferably, there is a proxy of the communication/detectiondevice in a multiplexer.

Detection mechanisms are mapped directly (one-to-one) with a simplespace. Aggregate spaces can then be composed from other spaces, simpleor aggregate. This mapping permits a site administrator (someone who canconfigure the multiplexer managing all the communication and detectiondevices in an area) to present different kinds of spaces for differentneeds. This can, for example, mean grouping adjacently located simplespaces into aggregate spaces that represent a larger, contiguous area,or it can mean grouping related simple spaces into an aggregate spacethat represents all areas with similar interests. It is an arbitrarygrouping mechanism for which exact uses are generally tied to needs.

Both types of spaces, simple and aggregate, are considered locations towhich services can be tied or addressed. Preferably, locations arevisible to servers, not communication/detection devices and detectionmechanisms. The multiplexer, therefore, preferably ensures that allclients that are detected by a communication/detection device mustresult in the appropriate services on servers being notified of theclient detection. To do this (which is somewhat complicated by thedifferent kinds of grouping managed by the multiplexer) the multiplexermust propagate detection notices from entity to entity in this model,performing the appropriate filtering along the way so that a servicewon't be informed multiple times when a client device enters locationsin which the service offers content. That is, a service only wants to beinformed if it should offer a client content, not that a client iswithin two or more overlapping sub-locations of a location in which theservice is offering content.

D. Proximity Event Propagation

Proximity event propagation in FIG. 4 illustrates the manner in which adetection mechanism handles notifications from thecommunication/detection devices that it represents for the case thatcommunication/detection devices form a perfect proximity detectioncoverage over the simple space. If none of its communication/detectiondevices can detect a client, then there is no client detectable by thedetection mechanism. If at least one of its communication/detectiondevices can detect a client, then that client is detectable by thedetection mechanism. Whenever a detection mechanism first detects or canfirst no longer detect a client, it will inform the simple space withwhich it is associated. In cases where the actual deployment ofcommunication/detection device(s) does not form a perfect proximitydetection coverage over a simple space, the state model of events for adetection mechanism should adapt to best accommodate the situation. Allthe state models presented represent the state that is maintained withrespect to a single client. In reality, the state a communication anddetection device can be thought of as the state of all clients asdetected by the communication/detection device. The state of thecommunication/detection device is thus represented by an arbitrarynumber of parallel state machines, each of which is generally asillustrated in FIG. 4.

The propagation continues in FIG. 4.1 with an illustration of how simplespaces can deal with client detection. It is an even simpler model thanset forth in FIG. 4, since a simple space can only be associated withone detection mechanism. Whenever a detection mechanism detects aclient, so does the simple space. The same applies for lack ofdetection. Upon detection or lack of detection, a simple spacepreferably informs any aggregate spaces that are parent spaces. It alsopreferably informs any servers that have expressed an interest in thatlocation.

While propagation to a server can occur via a simple space, it can alsooccur via an aggregate space. FIG. 4.2 shows how an aggregate space canhandle detection and lack of detection. Its model is very similar tothat of a detection mechanism. Like the detection mechanism, anaggregate space can be composed of an arbitrary number of sub-spaces. Assuch, detection of a client by an aggregate space equates to whether ornot any of the sub-elements can detect the client.

III. Server Architecture

FIG. 5 shows the sub-components of a server component and the generalarrangement of those subcomponents. Further, the server's use ofconnectors is refined to show which sub-component uses each connector.The contents and purpose of each sub-component in this embodiment aresummarized below:

A. Server

In this embodiment, a third party server sub-component encompasseseverything else in the server component. The third party serversub-component is preferably responsible for all interactions over theContent from Server connector, and routes all incoming communications tothe server PRE.

A server preferably provides an additional benefit to proximity-basedapplications, and serves as their only means of getting feedback fromclients. If a proximity-based application wants to request informationfrom a client, it can, for example, provide a form for the client userto complete. This information can then be sent back to theproximity-base application by means of the External Content Deliveryconnector.

B. Server PRE

The server PRE encompasses a lot of intelligence in terms of keepingservices aware of changes in client presence (that is, as clients movein and out of spaces), and using client preferences to determine whetheror not to make services aware of a client. The server PRE is alsopreferably responsible for informing multiplexers of the server'sintentions for use of client preferences/profiles, which can be compiledbased upon the intentions of the services hosted on the server.Additionally the server PRE preferably generates world view informationthat is tailored for specific clients and sends this information to theappropriate multiplexer(s).

The server PRE is preferably the primary source of stimulation forproximity-based applications. It can keep track of the state of clientswith respect to any relevant proximity-base applications (services) interms of the five proximity events set forth above. The server PREpreferably informs the proximity-based application of any state changes.Each event given to a proximity-based application will give theproximity-based application an opportunity to respond with new contentto be offered to the client.

There is also a possibility that the server PRE can cache content thatservices are generating, for example, to support a scenario in which thesame service can route content to the same client via differentmultiplexers. This scenario requires the client to be in two different,but overlapping spaces that happen to be managed by differentmultiplexers, both of which the same server is using to offer content.

C. Proximity-Based Applications

A server typically hosts a number of proximity-based applications. Eachproximity-based application is preferably an implementation of a serviceto be offered to proximity-based clients. Each proximity-basedapplication preferably has a prescribed interface for interacting withthe server PRE. Each proximity-based application can also have otherinterfaces to allow access to non-proximity specific information (e.g.,a hotel's registration database).

FIG. 5.1 illustrates an object model depicting part of an embodiment ofa Server PRE and focuses on the relationship between services and thelocations in which those services are offered. These concepts arediscussed below and used to explain how the data necessary to generatethe five proximity events gets from a multiplexer to a service.

In this embodiment, there are two different kinds of addressablelocations (those locations at which a service can be targeted): location(proxies) and aggregate locations. A location (proxy) is arepresentation of a location that is available via a multiplexer. Anaggregate location is some collection that groups location (proxies)from different multiplexers. It is not meant as a general purposegrouping mechanism to group location (proxies) from the same multiplexerin arbitrary fashions.

There is a one-to-one mapping between each service and theproximity-based application instance implementing the service. Theservice object is distinct, as there may be some state maintained on aper service basis. Services can be grouped into service groups, groupsof services to be deployed to the same addressable location. Servicegroups can also be part of other service groups. Either services orservice groups can be offered to addressable locations.

D. Proximity Event Propagation

The proximity event propagation starts with how events are received froma multiplexer. In this embodiment, the events are received at a location(proxy), that being the interface to a multiplexer from the Server PREperspective. This event is passed on to all entities interested in theevents of this location that can be an aggregate location, a deployableservice, or both. Aggregate locations collect events from alladdressable locations of which they are composed and form a new view. Ingeneral, if, and only if, a client is present in any addressablelocation within that aggregate location, it is also present in theaggregate location (a state model is not shown for this step). Aggregatelocations likewise propagate events from their composed perspective toall entities interested in events of this location.

Either way, an event indicating that a client has been detected in someaddressable location will be received by a deployable service. If thisdeployable service is a service, its actions are shown in FIG. 5.2. Thereceived-events, Client Detected and Client Not Detected, are the onlyevents that a service will receive. The service preferably transformsthis information, together with accumulated state and timing parameters(.DELTA.t and timeout), into the five proximity events that areforwarded from a service to the proximity-based application instance itis representing. The .DELTA.t parameter represents how often the serviceinforms the proximity-based application instance that the client isstill present. It serves as a heartbeat of sorts and can serve as anopportunity for a proximity-based application instance to generate newcontent for a client (that is, the proximity-based application instanceis permitted to generate content only in response to receiving one ofthe five events from a service).

If the deployable service is a service group, it preferably simplyforwards any received events to all services and service groups thatmake up the service group. In reality, since each service or servicegroup can be targeted to an arbitrary number of addressable locations,each needs to have a more complicated state model that collects eventsfrom a number of different sources and forms a new, composite state.

EXAMPLE

FIG. 6 illustrates the concepts of space(s) aggregation in anenvironment specified by FIG. 1, and it includes a variety of servicesthat are mapped to corresponding spaces. Further, FIG. 6 is sub-dividedinto FIG. 6.1 and FIG. 6.2. FIG. 6.1 illustrates the configuration ofspaces and services in the Bookstore, which also contains a Caf. FIG.6.2 illustrates the configuration of spaces and services in the adjacentRetail Store.

To provide services that are available to a customer anywhere in aparticular Bookstore, one first creates a space corresponding to theentire store (see FIG. 6).

To cover the entire Bookstore, one creates an aggregate space,“Bookstore, Anywhere, USA,” that contains all three Bookstore spaces:fiction, history and the caf. Collectively, these spaces define theaggregate space. When a customer is present within any one of thesesimple spaces, he is considered to be within the “Bookstore, Anywhere,USA” aggregate space, and all of the services targeted to the“Bookstore, Anywhere, USA” aggregate space will be available to him.

It would be ideal if the physical area covered by the three simplespaces in Bookstore corresponded perfectly to the area contained by theBookstore, the history space corresponded perfectly with the historysection, and the three spaces were distinct and non-overlapping.However, because of the limitations of detection technologies likeBluetooth™, it's very likely that in reality either these spaces willoverlap at the edges, or there will be regions in the store that are notcovered by a simple space. In general, spaces will be an approximationof a physical area. In practice, this means that it is possible that acustomer standing on the threshold between the fiction section and thecaf will have access to sets of services that are offered in eitherspace.

In this Example, the Bookstore provides storewide services including acalendar of events a local card catalog that lists all the itemscurrently in stock and their locations within the store. These arepackaged as the “Bookstore Services” group and targeted to the“Bookstore, Anywhere, USA” aggregate space.

If one wanted to provide services that were specific to a particulararea of the Bookstore one can target the services directly to the child(simple) spaces. For example, a menu could be targeted specifically tothe Bookstore caf.

To target services to all of the Bookstore locations across the country,one can define a larger aggregate space corresponding to the entireBookstore chain. In this example, services available to all storeswithin the Bookstore chain are packaged in the “Bookstore StandardServices” service group, which itself is composed of two service groups,“Information” and “Promotions”.

By defining spaces to represent both the local Bookstore as well as theentire chain of Bookstores, one enables both location-specific servicesas well as services that are to be available across locations.

For the adjacent Retail Store (for example, a tie store) there may be noneed for location-specific services. In this case the only servicesavailable are those tied to the aggregate space corresponding to allRetail Store outlets across the country.

The Bookstore Caf may actually be affiliated with two retailers—theBookstore that houses the caf, as well as, for example, a national Cafchain. The Caf chain may also want to deliver services to its customersat this location. For example, the Caf chain may have a service to sendcoupons for free coffee to frequent customers For the Caf chain toprovide its own services to the caf, one preferably creates an aggregatespace that includes all of the Caf chain's locations. Once the space iscreated, the Caf chain can make services available to its locationsacross the country by associating service groups with the space.

The mall itself may want to offer services that are available throughoutthe mall. In this case, one can define an aggregate space composed ofall locations within the mall, including the local Bookstore space (anaggregate itself) and the Retail Store space.

In the previous sections, all of the described services were provided bya retailer (e.g., Bookstore), or the owner of the physical area housingthe retailer (e.g., the Mall). A space can also be used to host servicesprovided by some third party. For example, stores like the Bookstore andthe adjacent Retail Store can contract with a company (NationalPromotions) that brokers coupons, advertisements, and promotions forcompanies with complementary products. For a fee, the advertising brokerNational Promotions can target its services to these retailers'locations—either their entire chains or individual stores. In FIG. 6,the advertising broker is shown to target its services to the aggregatespaces representing the retailers' chains.

FIG. 7 illustrates a particular instantiation of the model set forth inFIG. 2, based on space and service group relationships specified in FIG.6. The targeting of a service group to a space is shown with an arrow,while the hierarchy of spaces is shown with undecorated lines. Forexample, a user standing in the “Caf” space (see FIG. 1) is alsoconsidered to be present within the “Bookstore (Anywhere, USA)” space,“Bookstore”, “Caf Chain” and “The Mall”. All of the services targeted tothese spaces may also be available to the user (see FIG. 6).

Assuming that a user is interested in all possible services available ata location, and the user is authorized to interact with all of them, thefollowing services will be available within the caf space:

Bookstore Standard Services

Information

N.Y. Times Bestsellers

Featured Authors

Promotions

Store Sales

Frequent Customer Coupons

Caf Services

Frequent Customer Program

Bookstore Services

Calendar of Events

Card Catalog

Mall Services

Mall Map

Personal Shopper

National Promotions

Coupons

Advertisements

Promotions

A user might not, however, see all of the services targeted to alocation. Services may be not be available because:

The user has specified that he is not interested in particular servicesor classes of services.

The user is not authorized to use the service (for example, he or shehasn't purchased a service option, does not have an account with thecompany offering the service, or hasn't met some other qualifyingcriteria).

The user was not included in the user group targeted by the service(e.g., certain promotions may be directed at a particular demographic).

Moreover, the way in which services are actually displayed to the usermay also vary. Depending on the user's preferences and how services areclassified, they may be displayed in a particular way.

Although the present invention has been described in detail inconnection with the above examples, it is to be understood that suchdetail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made bythose skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of theinvention except as it may be limited by the following claims.

1. A system for delivery of services to at least one mobile clientcapable of wireless communication comprising: a plurality ofcommunication/detection devices, each of said communication/detectiondevices capable of communicating with the at least one mobile clientwhen the at least one mobile client is located within an associatedphysical area; at least one server programmed to host at least oneservice configured to provide content targeted for at least one physicalarea; and at least one multiplexer capable of communicating with atleast one of the plurality of communication/detection devices to obtaina location of the at least one mobile device, and capable ofcommunicating with the at least one server, the at least one multiplexerbeing configured to notify the at least one server when the at least onemobile client is located in the at least one physical area; wherein theat least one server is programmed to host at least one serviceconfigured to provide content targeted for an aggregate space defined bya set of at least two physical areas, and wherein the at least onemultiplexer being configured to notify the at least one server when theat least one mobile client is located in at least one of the at leasttwo physical areas represented by the aggregate space.
 2. The system ofclaim 1, wherein each of said communication/detection devices, themultiplexer and the server are each present at separate locations. 3.The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one server is programmed tohost at least one service group including at least one service, the atleast one service group configured to provide related content targetedto the aggregate space.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein a first of theat least two physical areas defining the aggregate space overlaps withthe associated physical area associated with a first of the plurality ofcommunication devices and a second of the at least two physical areasdefining the aggregate space overlaps with the associated physical areaassociated with a second of the plurality of communication devices. 5.The system of claim 4, wherein the aggregate space is associated with aparticular business having a first facility located at least partiallywithin a first of the at least two physical areas, and a second facilitylocated at. least partially within a second of the at least two physicalareas.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the content targeted for theaggregate space includes at least one advertisement for the firstfacility and the second facility.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein thecontent targeted for the aggregate space includes at least one firstadvertisement for a first product and/or service located proximate themobile client within the first of the at least two physical areas and atleast one second advertisement for a second product and/or servicelocated proximate the mobile client within the second of the at leasttwo physical areas.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein a first of the atleast two physical areas defining the aggregate space and a second ofthe at least two physical areas defining the aggregate space bothoverlap with the associated physical area associated with a first of theplurality of communication devices.
 9. The system of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of communication/detection devices, the multiplexer andthe at least one server communicate over a network, and each of theplurality of communication/detection devices, the multiplexer and the atleast one server are physically separate components connected atdifferent locations on the network.
 10. The system of claim 9, whereineach of the plurality of servers is adapted to provide the contenttargeted for the aggregate space over the network to the at least onemultiplexer when the mobile client is located within at least one of theat least two physical areas represented by the aggregate space.
 11. Thesystem of claim 10, wherein the at least one multiplexer is configuredto transfer content received from the plurality of servers to the atleast one mobile client over the network via one of the plurality ofcommunication/detection devices in communication with the at least onemobile client.
 12. A method of providing services to a mobile clientcapable of wireless communication, the method comprising steps of:establishing a wireless connection between the mobile client and atleast one of a plurality of communication/detection devices when themobile client is located within a physical space associated with the atleast one of the plurality of communication/detection devices; andcommunicating information obtained by the at least one of the pluralityof communication/detection devices to at least one server programmed tohost at least one service configured to provide content targeted to atleast one physical area, the communication including a notification tothe at least one server that the mobile client is located in the atleast one physical area; wherein communicating information includescommunicating information obtained by the at least one of the pluralityof communication/detection devices to at least one server programmed tohost at least one service configured to provide content targeted to anaggregate space defined by a set of at least two physical areas, thecommunication including a notification to the at least one server thatthe mobile client is located in at least one of the at least twophysical areas represented by the aggregate space.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the step of communicating the information obtained bythe at least one of the plurality of communication/detection devices tothe at least one server is performed by an intermediary deviceconfigured to receive information about a location of the mobile clientfrom the at least one of the plurality of communication/detectiondevices and to notify the at least one server when the mobile client islocated within at least one of the at least two physical areasrepresented by the aggregate space.
 14. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising providing the content targeted for the aggregate space to theintermediary device in response to the at least one server beingnotified by the intermediary device that the mobile client is locatedwithin the at least one of the at least two physical areas representedby the aggregate space.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprisingtransferring the content from the intermediary device to the mobileclient via the at least one of the plurality of communication/detectiondevices.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the content targeted to theaggregate space includes at least one advertisement.
 17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the at least one advertisement relates to productsand/or services proximate the location of the mobile client.